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''Tylopilus felleus'', commonly known as the bitter bolete or the bitter tylopilus, is a fungus of the bolete family. Its distribution includes east Asia, Europe, and eastern North America, extending south into Mexico and Central America. A mycorrhizal species, it grows in deciduous and coniferous woodland, often fruiting under beech and oak. Its fruit bodies have convex to flat caps that are some shade of brown, buff, or tan, and typically measure up to in diameter. The pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish with age. Like most boletes it lacks a ring, and it may be distinguished from ''Boletus edulis'' and other similar species by its unusual pink pores and the prominent dark brown netlike pattern on its stalk. French mycologist Pierre Bulliard described this species as ''Boletus felleus'' in 1788 before it was transferred into the new genus ''Tylopilus''. It is the type species of ''Tylopilus'', and the only member of the genus found in Europe. ''Tylopilus felleus'' has been the subject of research into bioactive compounds that have been tested for antitumour and antibiotic properties. Although not poisonous, it is generally considered inedible, due to its overwhelming bitterness. ==Taxonomy== The species was first described in the scientific literature as ''le bolet chicotin'' (''Boletus felleus'') by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard in 1788.〔 As the large genus ''Boletus'' was carved up into smaller genera, Petter Karsten transferred it in 1881 to ''Tylopilus'',〔 a genus diagnosed by its pink spores and adnate tubes.〔 ''T. felleus'' is the type species of ''Tylopilus'', and the only member of the genus found in Europe. Synonyms include ''Boletus alutarius'', described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815〔 and later by Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb Rostkovius in 1844, and Paul Christoph Hennings's subsequent transfer of Fries's taxon into ''Tylopilus'', ''T. alutarius''.〔〔 Lucien Quélet placed the taxon in ''Dictyopus'' in 1886 and then ''Rhodoporus'' in 1888,〔 but neither of these genera are recognised today, the former having been merged into ''Boletus'' and the latter into ''Tylopilus''.〔 Genetic analysis published in 2013 shows that ''T. felleus'' and many (but not all) other members of ''Tylopilus'' form a ''Tylopilus'' clade within a larger group informally called anaxoboletus in the Boletineae. Other clades in the group include the porcini and ''Strobilomyces'' clades, as well as three other groups composed of members of various genera including ''Xerocomus'', ''Xerocomellus'' and ''Boletus badius'' and relatives.〔 A variety described from the Great Lakes region, var. ''uliginosus'', was recognised by Alexander H. Smith and Harry D. Thiers in 1971 on the basis of its microscopic features,〔 a distinction supported by Professor C.B. Wolfe of Pennsylvania State University.〔 However, ''Index Fungorum'' does not consider this an independent taxon.〔 Similarly, ''Boletus felleus'' var. ''minor'', published originally by William Chambers Coker and A.H. Beers in 1943〔 (later transferred to ''Tylopilus'' by Albert Pilát and Aurel Dermek in 1974),〔 has been folded into synonymy with ''T. felleus''.〔 Charles Horton Peck described ''Boletus felleus'' var. ''obesus'' in 1889,〔 but no record of a type specimen exists.〔 Although some records exist of ''T. felleus'' in Australia, their spores are of consistently smaller dimensions and this taxon has been classified as a separate species, ''T. brevisporus''.〔 ''Tylopilus felleus'' derives its genus name from the Greek ''tylos'' "bump" and ''pilos'' "hat", and its specific name from the Latin ''fel'' meaning "bile" referring to its bitter taste, similar to bile.〔 The mushroom is commonly known as the "bitter bolete"〔 or the "bitter tylopilus".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tylopilus felleus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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